1. Discuss the different positions made on the issue of abortion (i.e.
pro-choice, pro-life, pro-abortion) by focusing on the various
assumptions which their proponents make and with which their
respective arguments proceed. Are the assumptions true/acceptable?
Why/ why not?

2. Take a stand on the issue of abortion by bringing into prominence
certain concepts/terms that are crucial/central in the debate. How do
you propose these concept/terms to be understood/used in the context
of abortion? Make sure to elaborate by giving examples and making
distinctions.

3. Identify certain inferences, deductions or assertions made on the
issue of abortion. Given the various assumptions and claims these are
based on, are those inferences/assertio ns valid/justified? Identify
some contradictions or inconsistencies, if any.

Abortion, as defined by, Webster's Dictionary, is the expulsion of a fetus prematurely. I believe that abortion is acceptable in some cases. These cases will be discussed according to my analysis of the articles written by Jane English and Susan Sherwin.
Jane English, in her essay “Abortion and the Concept of a Person,” argued that the examination of the personhood status of the fetus is not enough ground in the issue of abortion. She examined the concept of a person and argued that there is no single criterion in defining the concept of a person. She enumerated different examples of the definition of a person but stated that the definitions are problematic. It is problematic because anti-abortion people would define a person which would satisfy the personhood of a fetus while pro-abortion people would define a person which would not satisfy the personhood of the fetus. English concluded that the question whether a fetus is a person is unattainable but she had some ideas about abortion as justifiable. Firstly, abortion is still justifiable in many cases even if a fetus is a person. English justified this first idea by introducing an article entitled “A Defense of Abortion” by Judith Jarvis Thomson. This article introduces the notion of “self-defense.” Self-defense was defined here as the purpose of avoiding harms rather than equalizing it. For example, someone wants to destroy your term paper. This does not mean that you have to kill the person who wants to destroy your property. It is stated in the article that the injury a person may inflict for self-defense should only be the minimum necessary to incapacitate the attacker. Therefore, killing the person who wants to destroy your term paper is not justifiable but kicking the person is justifiable when we apply the conclusion of the essay on how to react when a person wants to attack. When it comes to the fetus, it is permissible to kill it even if it is an innocent person if it poses a threat to a woman. The only way to free the woman from the threat posed by the fetus is for the woman to have its right to be freed from the fetus and not a right to demand its death. The distinction is clear: the woman has a right only to be freed from the fetus and not a right to demand its death. In this sense, English argued that abortion is permissible only if it is required to save a woman's life. For example, as mentioned in the article, if the fetus poses a harm to the health of a woman, then it is permissible to kill the fetus. This act, for English, is what she means as “self-defense.” But self-defense cannot justify abortion if the pregnancy presents a slight threat to the woman's life. For example, it is not acceptable to have abortion just to continue going in a trip to Europe. To cancel the trip is just a slight threat to a woman's life. English stated that abortion is permissible whenever it is in the interests of the pregnant woman or her family. Firstly, abortion would be justifiable when the continuation of the pregnancy would cause harms to the woman. Secondly, even if abortion seems to be wrong, it is still justifiable to save a woman from significant injury or death. English concluded that the concept of a person is not adequate to set the abortion issue and secondly, abortion is justifiable early in pregnancy to avoid harms and justifiable late in pregnancy to avoid injury or death.
Susan Sherwin, in her article entitled “Feminist Analyses of Women and Abortion,” examined the differences between feminist and non-feminist analyses of the moral permissibility of abortion. Sherwin stated that feminists recognize that women have abortions for different reasons. For example, some women are seriously ill that they can not continue to have the fetus so they just abort it. This case is justifiable because feminists, according to Sherwin, believe that women concerned are in the best position to judge whether abortion is the appropriate response to a pregnancy. Also, feminists believe that the central moral feature of pregnancy is that it takes place in women's bodies and has profound effects on women's lives. Feminist ethics promote the value of reproductive freedom or the condition under which women are able to make voluntary choices about their reproductive lives. Therefore, a woman has control whether to perform or not to perform abortion. On the other hand, nonfeminists believe that the moral acceptability of abortion turns on the question of the moral status of the fetus.
The essay of Jane English supported my stand that abortion is acceptable in some cases. I have enumerated examples and distinctions based on what I have understood from the essay. Susan Sherwin's essay introduced concepts of abortion in the perspectives of feminists. My claim that abortion is acceptable in some cases can be somehow viewed in the feminist ethics wherein women make voluntary choices about their reproductive lives. For example, a teenager decides to perform abortion just to avoid having a complicated life because of the psychological effect the baby may bring. In this case, performing abortion is a voluntary act and is therefore acceptable.

Taking a stand

After having read the articles provided for the class, I will support the PRO – LIFE position, BUT, there are certain modifications and limitations that I will introduce. The PRO – LIFE position that I will support is incorporated with an element from the PRO – CHOICE belief.

Reasons and Explanations

THE PURE PRO – LIFE BELIEF

The PRO – LIFE belief states that life should always be valued, protected and enriched. Life, according to PRO – LIFE movements, starts at the point wherein the female’s egg cell is fertilized by the male’s sperm cell. Thus, the fertilized egg is the cradle of human life. With this belief, the notion of abortion will always be regarded as murder. Abortion therefore, in the context of PRO – LIFE movements, is the killing of an innocent life. Also, PRO – LIFE movements fight for what they refer to as fetal rights. Fetal rights are the rights of the conceived child to be born and protected.

Though I totally agree with the concepts of fetal rights, life having begun at the moment of fertilization and abortion as murder, I believe that there is/are special case/s or situation/s that abortion should be allowed. Hence, I used the PRO – CHOICE belief as a venue for these certain situations wherein abortion is permissible.

THE PURE PRO – CHOICE BELIEF

The PRO –CHOICE position states that a woman has complete control on her fertility thus, making her the sole decisive factor whether her pregnancy will be continued or will be terminated. This belief entails that a woman, with or without any logical or rational reason can always abort her child. Also, the PRO – CHOICE stand takes into consideration and highlights situations wherein for example: a woman wants to have an abortion because it was the product of a criminal activity (rape); a woman bears a child that is known to have defects or deformations through the use of pre-natal technologies; or the woman is threatened by the presence of the fetus. According to wikipedia.org, other controversial situations that PRO – CHOICE movements mainstream are: failure of contraception and incapability of a mother to rear a child due to economic deprivation.

Stand: A MORE SPECIFIC AND LIMITED PRO – LIFE POSITION

Life starts at the moment when fertilization happens. The fertilized egg is considered as the beginning of human life and existence. Therefore, any actions that are intended to harm or terminate the conception are considered violations to the fetal rights. However, abortion is only permissible if and only if: 1) when the mother wants abortion because she feels (and has been proven) that she is economically incapacitated to rear a child; and/or 2) the mere presence of the child threatens the entire health of the mother. In case number one, it should be noted that the abortion is initiated by the mother. Also, by harm in the second case, I mean psychological, physical, emotional stress to the point that it threatens the life of the mother and even the fetus. Therefore, all other reasons (alibis) for aborting a child should not be allowed, unless it will fall under the first and/or second special case/s.

A B O R T I O N

The tussle among pro-choice, pro-life and pro- abortion advocates bring to light their assertions made to buttress the long-held gospel truths they have. In close scrutiny, all points raised by any of the competing parties exhibit a kind of pick-your-poison flaw, in such a way that to use a particular argument to support a claim would only leave the assertion vulnerable to other arguments not covered, without really being under siege from its opponents. Thus, it is deemed best to veer away from the traditional points of contention, to bring a fresh approach in the attempt to settle the abortion issue once and for all, since all battles waged before merely resulted in a stalemate.

Conservatives assert that life begins at conception and the fetus is an analog to a fully- developed human being, proposing sufficient conditions met by a fetus for personhood. Liberals, on the other hand, consider a fetus a human being only after birth, and provide the necessary conditions for personhood lacked by a fetus. Both view that personhood can be simply encapsulated by a set of traits and features in a checklist, and a fetus may possess some but not all of these. However, the qualification of a fetus as a human being, as a person, is not merely pegged on how many of these features were met, nor can we effectively assign the weight carried by each trait, all because a human being develops gradually, and it would be difficult to make certain what constitutes a “person”. The issue of abortion goes back to square one in so doing. Nothing is resolved, save for the fact that the personhood of the fetus is a weak basis to justify or defy abortion.

Thus, “pro-abortion” advocates use self-defense as a new tool in finally bringing to end the discussion. While it may be, that a fetus itself is innocent, it may threaten the overall well-being of the pregnant woman. Thus, the woman, in defense of her best interests, may opt to be freed from the fetus, not necessarily to mean a request for the fetus’ death. Moreover, the society at large would benefit in canceling out potential individuals who will most likely not fare well in their lives, say could end up as poverty- stricken or significantly handicapped. “Pro-abortion” advocates also sees no resemblance whatsoever between a fetus and a person, judging by the stark incompleteness of a fetus developmentally.

Enter supporters of the “pro-life” position, who state that we can’t treat non-persons in any way we choose, and some person-like non-persons, like a fetus, garner a certain kind of sympathy and compassion only awarded to persons. Should we overlook the “human being” in a fetus, we breach a code of ethics involving the tendency to feel and react similarly for person-like non-humans as we naturally do for humans. This argument contests the solid claim by “pro-abortion” advocates that abortion is morally permissible all the time. Moreover, they assert that killing a fetus strips him off a future, and ultimately suffers an unparalleled loss as he misses out in all possible experiences, activities, and pleasures he could have had in a lifetime, so this makes abortion wrong. This is supported by the claim that the death of a fetus totally eradicates all other possible crimes that may be dealt to him should he live, and this makes killing the worst of all crimes. Moreover, terminally-ill individuals find it oppressing and depressing to feel a sense of loss and regret for whatever that can no longer be gained or experienced when he dies, and this is also used as a support. This view is freed from the limitations of the claims of the conservatives, since this argument is independent of the inference that since it is wrong to kill persons, it is wrong to kill potential persons too.

The “pro-abortion” advocates found friends in “pro-choice” supporters, but they merely reflect a tale of two similar interests with different things in mind as to the rationale and logic in meeting that desired end. It may be said that feminists and non-feminist “pro-abortion” advocates view abortion similarly, meaning that they both approve of it, but it should be made clear that they differ in the relative emphasis given to the role of women in pregnancy, and in her interests and experiences as well. “Pro-choice” supporters see women as the focal point in the entire picture, shifting the attention from the moral status of the fetus to the current state-of-affairs of the woman. This side brings to light the empowered position of women in making moral decisions about their pregnancy, sans the influence and prodding of any philosopher or moralist, the desirable state of having women control their own sexuality which combats the patriarchal structure and the dependence of women in men in the delicate stages of pregnancy, and the coercion experienced by women as they play victims to sexual politics in our society. Abortion is seen in relation to the general patterns of oppression for women. The fetus is said to be a unique entity with a special tie to the pregnant woman. Feminists see the value of persons in the lens of the social nature of individual existence. It may well be said, that a fetus cannot exist apart from its relationship to the mother from whom it derives nourishment and protection, and the mother can live with or without the fetus. This implies that whatever importance attached to the fetus shall not in any way override the value accorded to it by the pregnant woman.

I for one find the use of all-too played-out personhood flimsy, as supported by the difficulty encountered in defining what constitutes a person, thereby making the assignment of the fetus problematic. It was far more convincing now that we have been presented new ways of defending the argument, by having a new take on the issue of abortion that goes beyond the concept of personhood. Abortion could indeed be morally permitted in the grounds of self-defense, as sufficiently claimed by “pro-abortion” advocates who not only looked after the welfare of the pregnant woman, but also considered the protection of the interests of the society. On the contrary, abortion will raise eyebrows as it forcefully robs a being, the fetus, of its future, and in the process, would not grant him even the slightest chance of gaining something out of life. It would also be best to hand the entire decision-making process to the pregnant woman herself, free of harassment or imposition from authorities, philosophers and moralists. After all, it is the woman who would ultimately bear the brunt of carrying the fetus.

History tells us that as mankind travels the timeline, he becomes more sophisticated. Discovery of technology, knowledge on politics, culture and economics had marked the society’s reach in the civilized world. With these developments, mankind becomes more self-aware thus concerns himself to issues surrounding the offshoots of his development specifically moral issues which has long created heated debates among staunch advocates. Abortion, a moral issue which has created and is still creating a divide among people as they rethink to themselves their own perspective of life involves the question: when does life start?

It seems that to be able to come up with a moral stance on abortion, it should be addressed through determining the moral status of the fetus. Many philosophers had tried framing this moral and legal question through discussing the concepts surrounding the fetus such as its being, its being a person and its traits that qualify the fetus as human, granted with all basic rights. Don Marquis clearly had elucidated in detail how abortion should be tackled through philosophical discourse on the rightness and wrongness in killing a person which frames the arguments of the two-pronged position in the debate. The two-pronged thought in abortion can be seen on the writings and the stance of these two groups: pro-choice and pro-life which will be discussed further below.

The center of the pro-choice position is located on the right of the woman to self-determination with whatever concerns her womb that is, her pregnancy. This entails arguments concerning the fetus as a nonbeing, and a nonperson therefore excluding it from the basic right to life. This argument, to the pro-choice, seemingly justifies the right to induced abortion since abortion does not entail killing. However, the pro-choice position varies. There are those who support abortion and those who don’t. These pro-abortionists can be said to belong on the extreme. Pro-abortionists argue for the absolute right to legal access to abortion. What differentiates them from the not-so-extreme pro-choice position is that the latter only supports abortion when the situation deeply calls for it such as when the life of the mother is endangered.

On the opposite end of the spectrum lies the pro-life. The pro-life position is centered on the assumption that life starts at conception. This assumption supports the notion that the fetus IS a human being therefore making its abortion a crime against mankind and the divine law.

The truth hood and the falsity of these arguments is not something that can be easily established. Right now, with the heat of the debate on the reproductive health bill, it would be very difficult to come up with a compromising position on the part of the government on abortion. This, along with many other factors such as the influence of religion and the culture of the Filipinos make the decision-making all the more difficult. Veering away on the national scope and limiting it on the tiny fraction of the plethora of opinions on the debate such as mine, I conclude that I do not belong to any of the mainstream thought mentioned above, that is, if I take each position as exclusive of each other with no overlapping of opinions. I take the full responsibility of declaring that my claim does not include rare cases which complicate the issue of abortion.

I think that the issue whether abortion should be allowed/done or not should be best left with the woman and her doctor. Abortion should NEVER EVER become a form of a family-planning method whether intended or not. It is not a resort to unevaluated course of action of people who are irresponsible enough to not get themselves informed. However, I do think that abortion can only be allowed in cases where the fetus endangers the life of the mother [yes, the self-defense argument which most people all know too well] and in itself has a low probability of survival. Thus, the choice whether the fetus can be aborted, I repeat and assert, should be best left to the doctor and the mother who knows best. [pun unintended].

I conclude this pitter-patter paper in three points. First, the fetus is human and has the potential to develop into a human being thus rendering them deserving of the right to life. Second, and for the third time I reiterate, the decision whether abortion should be done or not should be best left to the mother and the doctor. And lastly and corollary to the second point, abortion entails intentions. Thus, it is through the careful evaluation of the motive or the intention that we can all come up with a moral judgment that is justified and valid. The intention of carrying or aborting a baby should support the mother and the fetus and the benefits the society or the state may receive should only be secondary. Besides, mankind must be too self-absorbed to elevate himself to the highest position claiming to be the arbiter of who has the right to live which clearly, should not be the case and is subject of a different topic.

Personhood, a future-like-ours theory, and the woman who bears the fetus are the key words for pro-choice, pro-life, and pro-abortion. In the following paragraphs, their positions based assumptions based on these (or lack of which, considering personhood) will be discussed. Each author has his or her own points and yet all take a distinctive stance, with seemingly little done to “reach out” and comprehensively understand the others’ sides.

Let us first take a look at the pro-abortion stance, in this case lead by Jane English. In her article, she depicts the endless debate of both pro and anti-abortion sides as to when a fetus attains “personhood”. The former usually say it is after birth while the latter insist it is after conception. Still, cultures around the world have even more definitions and even biologically, the answer is not set in stone as a fetus is in constant development.

From the outset, the author indicates that there are too many sets of criteria for “personhood” that our concept of a person is not weighty enough to bear the weight of the issue of abortion, and should not bear it in the first place.

The article then goes on to treat the fetus is a person, what would happen if, no matter how innocent a fetus were; the woman’s life is in danger (through any number of complications) because of it. Would killing it out of self-defense be permissible? (The author’s use of fanciful examples notwithstanding. Haha) if the fetus was treated as a non-person, would abortion be permissible? Not so, and English goes on to compare animals (who would want to Shoot The Dog, or drown kittens?) with fetuses.

Therefore, the article concludes the pro-choice position by stating that abortion is permissible if in the early months of pregnancy if it’s in the interest of the family, permissible in the middle months if it would cause harms to the mother, and only justifiable in the late months if the woman was to be saved from death.

In the next corner, we have the pro-life faction, embodied (at least within the assignment) in Don Marquis’ article. Putting it simply, we must not kill the fetus because we will deprive it of a future. Killing inflicts the greatest possible loss on the victim, which are her life and her future (and all the value that may come from that quarter).
The first assumption is that killing the author or the reader is prima facie seriously wrong. Two other theories are drawn to support Don Marquis’ article, that of personhood (as in the reader, author or anyone, including the fetus) and that of sanctity-of-life (which slams active euthanasia, aside from lending support). The theory of future-like-ours combines the strengths of both aforementioned theories and meshes with what makes killing wrong.

The second assumption is that it is prima facie wrong to inflict pain on (again) the author or the reader. The author then tries to draw a parallel with the argument that inflicting wanton pain is wrong on animals (see the first article…So Yeah…) and fetuses, in that the structure is the same and that both are not postnatal human beings.

In the third corner, we have the pro-choice faction with Susan Sherwin’s article. The assumption here is that the fetus is not the only important factor, but the woman bearing the child as well. There has been little mention, if at all, of the woman’s role (other than that of “fetal containers” as the article put it) and most arguments on abortion often revolve around the legal or moral permissibility of the abortion. Non-feminist groups who do support abortion usually end up echoing masculine concepts of freedom, which is usually incompatible with the needs of women.

Women may choose abortion because of any number of factors that may be affecting their lives at the moment. These include socio-economic factors, knowledge that the fetus may come out deformed because of some form of complication/s, or just that it isn’t in her plans to have a baby yet. Whatever the reason, the woman knows best on what to do with the fetus inside her. This also coincides with women’s control of their own sexuality, as her usually subordinate status in society means her being pregnant will force her to depend more on particular men. Women cannot simply avoid getting pregnant by abstinence as sexual politics makes it hard for her to say “no”. Even in this age, sexual coercion is still being done, consciously or not. Birth control is no guarantee either as the cost, effectiveness and peer pressure (“it’s just feels better without a condom”) are constant difficulties.

Current views of the fetus seek to imbue it with personhood and being, nearly ignoring the woman who bears the fetus. Doctors are also given some sort of authority over the woman and they sometimes take it upon themselves to interfere with the woman’s reproductive freedom. The feminist view of the fetus is that it and the woman are intertwined; you cannot consider one without the other. This relational status and limited contributions of the fetus, as a person, grant that the fetus is a unique human entity. It can neither form relationships with other, nor can the vice versa happen. This entails that one cannot do anything to the fetus without it affecting the woman as well.

It follows then that if a woman chooses to see her term of pregnancy through, it is wrong to force abortion on her. Likewise, putting the baby up for adoption is no easy task either for the woman as the psychological and physical bond they have is not easily broken.

The assumptions that personhood is not enough to bear the weight, alone, of abortion is acceptable in that a single criterion used to handle the entire moral debate is over-simplifying the issue. It is more complex than that. The self-defense theory does have its point; risk of death usually limits one’s choices. However, ending a life will deny any possible future that may have arisen had that life been spared. Countless possibilities are erased in an instant and the “wrongness” of also lends strength to the assumption that killing and infliction of pain are seriously wrong. Then again, considering Sherwin’s stance and her assumptions, it is also right to accord the woman her own sexual freedom and rights, more so since she carries the child, it is also, ultimately, her choice which may affect the child. Of course, along with a qualified and client-centered doctor who could assist her with her choice. They and not the greater masses must make the choice, based upon the facts and grounded upon the knowledge of the consequences (I won’t bother to say good or bad) of the decision to be made.

Of all the questions one can possibly ask with regards to the controversial topic of abortion, it’s interesting to note that rarely do both sides discuss the historical significance of abortion. True, the entire debate about abortion consists mostly of the philospohical arguments about the ideas of both factions, but given that written evidences of the practice already existed by as early as 1500 B.C, I find it curious that no one (or at least, no one from the text I read) attempts to use historical overviews as the establishing point for their respective argument. Ancient civilizations by then had already employed the use of various methods to terminate pregancies: crude ancestors of the modern method of Abortion. Some use herbs, others use various parts of exotic plants and animals. (and for the most part, some of them are not so exotic as we would think) During those periods of time, the idea received minimal or little opposition from their own respective societies. Why then does Abortion generate such controversy when in retrospect, people had incorporated it into their culture even before the concept of the Abortion debate was conceived? It would seem as if at some point in time, the issue generated enough notoriety for it to become one of the most debated topics in the history of highly debatable debates. So much, that in fact, ethical and philosophical distinctions between the pro- and anti- sides have yet to present something that can be considered as the 38th parallel of the two opposing sides. Where then, do I stand in the midst of the metaphorical verbal battlefield? An possible explanation for this can be found by using the method of factorization.

You may recall in your high school math that factoring a number involves breaking the number down into smaller, indivisible prime numbers by using division. (of course) By doing so, a number can be defined by using the simplest of its terms and combining them into one mathematical expresssion. 12, for example, can be seen as 2x2x3, a simple way of viewing the entirety by using the parts that make it up. In the same manner, Abortion could best be understood if we “factor” some of the more basic concepts that contribute to the whole of the idea. Although not everything can be explained in such a linear fashion, it is one of the simplest way to familiarize yourself with a topic that requires a lot of thinking to maneuver around.

First of all, we must establish the concept of Morality. For the record, the abortion debate has its roots in the fundaments of morality. The majority of its arguments stem from a moral deduction, not from political deduction, psychological deduction, and most certainly not a geological deduction. The reason why we must first determine what morality is is because it is a moral debate. Period. Establishing the context is the first step to establishing understanding. Given this prior assumption, How then, do we define morality? Simply put, it is a set of assumptions that determines what is good, and what is evil. Herein lies the complexity of the matter. Good, and Evil, are by nature, contextual constructs. Whether they be developed by moral institutions in society, or cognitive constructs by a single individual, what is good for one may not necessarily be good for the other. In other words, one’s sense of moral justice cannot necessarily coincide with another’s. Therefore, killing a would-be attacker maybe justified in the terms of the victim, but not from the side of, let’s say, a self-proclaimed Quaker. Anti-abortionist groups play heavily on the moral quandary of life, stating that abortion is tantamount to murder, while the pros counter with the argument that fetuses have not yet reached the stage wherein they can be classified as persons, therefore justifying the act. What both sides fail to realize is that, morality, as defined above, is not simply acquired through norms developed by society. Each and every person has his/her own sense of moral justice, and given the contextual nature of morality, good and evil should be defined from the concept of the affected party, and not from universal moral norms. That is not to say that because good and evil is contextual, then the notion itself does not exist because man would then choose what best benefits him, therefore eliminating the need for a universal understanding of good and evil. What I meant was abortion should be justified if the affected party would benefit from the arrangement, depending on the present circumstances. Now this particular statement may raise some issues that deal with the Feminist theory as to what constitutes “benefits” and “cicumstances” For example, would a young female that had pre-marital sex and ended up having a baby be considered one of the considered instances where Abortion is justified? What about a rape victim? Judging from the circumstances, they would each have their own reasons for justifying an abortion. Time and again, women had always been the scapegoat in the aftermath of conception, bearing the burden of child bearing solely on their shoulders. A single mother faced with the prospect of raising a child all by herself, or a battered mother who considers sparing her child from a future of hardship. Abortion had always been viewed as a means of escape for those who think that delivering their baby would otherwise result in less acceptable circumstances; a convenient back-up plan for unwanted pregnancies. Of course, it is assumed that, ulterior motives aside, sometimes an abortion can be beneficial to a mother-to-be, depending on how she views the situation. Hence, self-morality is again the basis for judgement. I sincerely believe that a human being, no matter how pressured he/she is to make a decision by external forces, will ultimately make a decision at some point in time that will follow his/her own sense of moral judgement. In any case, discretion should be left to the woman bearing the fetus, since she represents bears the decision-making capability for the fetus as it technically her own flesh and blood. In my opinion however, abortion should not be something that can be repeatedly used to curtail a life everytime one commits a mistake when it comes to birth control. Though some may argue that in some circumstances, multiple abortions may be possible because of, let’s say, lifestyle choice. (e.g. a prostitute, or in some cases, a mistress) True, their actions may be justified based on their own moral justice, but still, the idea that the practice itself could be avoided by using preliminary birth control methods comes into prominence. They didn’t have to abort the fetus if they’d only had prepared meticulously beforehand, or had taken measures to ensure that a pregnancy would not occur. As a commercial once said, prevention is better than cure. If abortion could be avoided entirely, then it is the responsibilty of both parties to ensure that their sexual act would not escalate into an unwanted pregnancy (assuming that it is unwanted.) As it happens, abortion is more of an excuse nowadays to prepare slipshod methods of birth control, jumping straight to the sex act without considering the complications that such act may imply. In most cases, seldom do the involved parties consider the repercussions of killing an unborn life inside a woman’s womb. For the people who know the consequences of abortion, they know what it feels like to go through the process, even though they may seem ok on the outside, the truth is abortion is a hard act to live with. An article in a magazine once asserted that women feel an “unexplainable” loss whenever they had to abort a fetus in them. That is because the fetus is already part of their existence, a life that they brought to life by sharing their own living essence. (and this is where the Personhood debates come in, which adds up to another paragraph of discussion if included here)

Remember the earlier premise about factorization? About how you can understand a given topic by breaking it down into concepts? Well, if you add all the concepts together, they would still relate to one central topic, correct? 2x2x3 will always be equal to 12, hence the endpoint of all these philosophical discussions about the various aspects of Abortion will still end up talking about Abortion itself, no matter how far off the discussion on personhood will lead. If you think about it, the reason why they had, or rather, have to justify all those other arguments is because of general consensus. Both sides feel that in order to prove that they are right, they must prove the truth of the conditions first. All the diverse arguments aside, whether it be about Morality, Personhood, Rights, Women’s Responsibility or such, the real issue here is not on its rational and logical basis, but for what purpose it is used. The ongoing debate on its moral and ethical implications serves to detract us from the fact that all things in our existence serve a purpose. The Death Sentence, immoral as it may seem according to some, serves as a reminder to criminals that crime does pay. Or even the simple act of disciplining a child when he/she did wrong illustrates the idea that even the things that may seem unjustified for some has its reasons for remaining in existence. The real problem is that people misinterpret the intended purpose of such acts, leading to confusion as to whether such a method is good or bad. Spanking, for instance, has been viewed as a form of corporal punishment by children’s rights advocates, which is why they push for its abolition in the process of child rearing. Yet ironically, America, who has professed to have outlawed (literally) spanking in their country for the sake of children’s rights, experiences a lot more problems involving children than in countries that support spanking. That is because they do not understand that sometimes you must use pain to teach the child not to do something that would be harmful to him in the future. It could be considered unjust, but necessary, an act with a purpose. Such is the same for abortion. The common misconception is that it could be used as something that can cover up for the mistake of the past, which, considering most cases where abortion is considered, should not be the case. Abortion should only be reserved for those cases wherein the woman’s condition could revert into a dire situation (although some debate-hungry people may contest as to what constitutes “dire”). In any case, blaming the moral quandary on the practice is like blaming a kitchen knife for a murder. A knife exists to be used in the kitchen, like its namesake; it just so happens that people found another use for it other than chopping cabbages. Abortion, inhuman, or illogical though as it may seem, also serves a purpose in our existence. It is part of the fact of life, and the rationale that the current anti-abortionist groups portrays seem inadequate at best when contesting the existence of abortion. As someone once said, “a thing is only as evil as the person who uses it for evil.” A knife, when used to slaughter people, can be considered as deleterious to our existence. But when used to chop food for easy consumption, then it becomes beneficial. Such is the same for the act of abortion, the people’s own morality is the judge whether they would use it to destroy, or to bring life.

In making a stand on the issue of abortion, there are three options: one is to support abortion, the other is against it, and the last is the freedom of choice whether an individual wants abortion or not.

I am not for pro-abortion mainly because I do not intend to support all kinds of abortion of any situation. Being among pro-abortionists would mean for me that even abortions for no important reasons are alright with me, which I am not in favor of. In the first place, I personally believe that fetuses have value and should also be treated and be considered as like any human being.

I am also not against abortion because it would also mean for me that I do not want abortion in any instance. I know for a fact that there are cases that need abortion because of the harm that the pregnancy might bring, not only for the fetus but also for the pregnant woman.

I cannot say that I am pro or anti-abortion, but rather I am pro-choice.

This essay explains my side of being a pro-choice not by using the status of the fetus as a person or any abstract term but through a more feminist approach on the relationship between the pregnant woman and the developing fetus and considering the possible effects on both subjects. From Jane English’s essay, deciding on the issue of abortion based on the status of the fetus as a person is difficult because there are no clear agreement regarding it, and by using a more feminist approach on this matter, as presented in the essays of Sally Markowitz and Susan Sherwin, brings more convenience in providing better answers for me because it deals with actual concerns.

To have (induced) abortion is more of a matter of choice for me. It is a decision to make and not whether one should have abortion or not. If a pregnant woman wants to have or not have the baby, then let her on what she wants because it is her right. She has the autonomy over her body and no one else is responsible for her own self, with whatever consequence it will have after. Regarding the fetus, although it is another entity inside a woman’s womb, during its development, it is still part of the woman that greatly depends on her. Again, has the autonomy including the fetus inside her womb.

Every pregnant woman has a right to have an abortion because it is her right “to manage” the right of the child of life. She also has the right to determine what happens to her body, a right to equal treatment and a right to self determination.

Abortion is also permissible in my view in the case of unwanted pregnancy if she does not really want to have a child, not ready, and/or a difficulty in her career for instance. I do not mean to say that if one gets pregnant unexpectedly because of, for example, rape, then automatically she should have abortion. It of course depends on the pregnant woman if she will abort the fetus or not. Some counseling may help if she is not sure of what to do. But if the condition is that it brings no good for her and thinks that it is better to abort it, and then let her do it. No one should force her to continue the pregnancy because it deprives her of her right to autonomy. And if a woman gave birth to a child because she is only forced to do it, the worse scene is the mother may not give the proper love and care and might result to abusing the child. I believe that every child should have a loving home where they are wanted and valued.

Others argue that those who want to abort their soon-to-be child should continue their pregnancy and should not worry after giving birth because adoption is an answer. However, this is not an assurance that the would-be child will definitely be adopted even if the infant was born healthy or not. And having their own baby to be adopted is far more difficult than having abortion because there had been longer connection between the mother and the child. The length of time of pregnancy creates an attachment of the mother to the child. Is it a psychological way to make mothers feel sorry or unexpectedly create love for the child? I do not know.

On a more personal point of view, if I will be pregnant unexpectedly, I am convinced that I will not have abortion because I believe that it is a gift from God and it is my choice to take care of that blessing. What I am saying is, each one of us can decide, and must decide on our own lives. Several factors affect our decision including the people around us, our values in life, and religion. But still, your life is your life, and my life is mine. No one else is responsible to our actions except our own selves. Sometimes being practical gives better outcome than surrender to your principles.

The series of Abortion-related articles in Chapter 2 of “Contemporary Moral Issues in a Diverse Society”, offer interesting stands concerning the issue. It ranges from the often heard to the least popular among all the diverse stands in the controversy. Most of the writers are women and many of the articles have feminist inclinations yet the diversity of the points and assertions were not sacrificed.

There are three major questions by which the writers generally try to dwell on. First and foremost is if abortion is morally permissible or morally wrong. Second, if it is morally wrong, what are other moral concerns that may supersede that moral claim? Third, what is the moral status of the fetus? Answering the third almost often leads to the justification of the answer to the first question.

Anti-abortionist articles refer to different assumptions in order to justify their stand. The first article written by Jane English asserts the independence of the issue of abortion to the personhood of the fetus. It is in her view that the fetus may or may not be characterized by the different features of a human especially in the first weeks or months after conception. This vagueness in the personhood of the fetus makes it a less reliable criterion for claiming whether abortion is morally permissible or not. She also points out the self-defense model as a perspective in looking at the issue. The self-defense model by Thomson stresses that it supports the right of the woman to be freed from the threat of a fetus during a difficult pregnancy but not the “right to demand its death.” The self-defense model, thus, only supports abortion if the pregnancy is in direct threat of the woman’s life. English also discussed the considerations we give to non-persons in our moral code. The likeness of a non-person to the physical, emotional and social characteristics of a person makes it unbearable for us to inflict suffering, pain or death to that being even if we do not consider as at the same level of being with us. This, she explains, extends to the claim that abortion is only morally permissible if the fetus is in its early stages rather than in the late stages of pregnancy where the likeness of the fetus to a human is most manifested.

Laura Hershey’s “Choosing Disability” gives a unique perspective in the abortion controversy. She points to the advancement in technology regarding prenatal screening where pregnant women are given the chance to know if the fetus has any irregularities or defects to the growing number of women who opt to abort fetuses with high probability of being disabled. Abortion, she said is not a solution to the fear of the society to accept people with disabilities as part of the community. The most immediate solution is giving them with more accessibility and opportunity to be productive in society. She outlined a number of premises for this conclusion. First is that people with disabilities, if guided well, most often become independent and able to live their lives without constant assistance. Second, in prenatal screening, most often only give probabilities of the fetus having defects. Nobody really knows for sure.

Don Marquis, asserts that the immorality of abortion lies on the future-like-ours account. He developed this justification for the immorality of abortion through a number of premises. First, it is wrong to kill us. It is wrong to kill us because are deprived of a valuable future. Therefore fetuses, also having a valuable future, are included in this. Therefore, it is immoral to kill fetuses. He compared the fut ure-like-ours account with the desire and continuation account and found it superior compared to the two due to a number of consequences. In one of examples, he cited that the account has sufficient but not necessary condition for the wrongness of killing. However, it is problematic since he did define what is a “valuable future.” Also, by saying “future-like-ours” he counts aside those with a different future say down syndrome who clearly does not have a future like him. Another statement of his also caused confusion when he said that this account is strongest when the fetus is at late stage of pregnancy where it is clearly an individual. This contradicts his statement that his assumption are independent from the state of the fetus.

The strong feminist writers do not concern themselves with the fetus but rather its relationship with the mother. Feminists agree that women are sexually oppressed to fulfill their obligations to the fetus and the society, sacrificing the things that they value more. One writer asserts that women are helpless and being pregnant or motherhood is a form of enslavement. She said that women should have the choice of abortion if pregnancy comes second to other values in the priorities. If pregnancy can aggravate their present living than they can terminate it. They do not assert however that the fetus is of no value but instead it may come second to other values that the woman perceives as more important.

I believe that abortion has been an issue of morality since time immemorial. The issue is becoming bigger and bigger for it attracts many parties to establish a stand. However, establishing a stand is not that easy for one has to evaluate the validity of the assumptions of every inference.

In her article, “Abortion and the Concept of a Person”, Jane English presented Thomson’s argument regarding abortion. She infers that “killing a fetus is always wrong” since “fetus is an innocent person and killing an innocent person is always wrong”. In order to examine the validity of this inference, it is necessary to look for consistency, justification, plausibility and usefulness. In looking for justification, it is necessary to check for the truthfulness of the premises. The premise, “killing an innocent person is always wrong” is not necessarily true in all cases as what is mentioned in the article. Jane English states that “killing an innocent person is sometimes permissible, most notably in self-defense”. This counter-argument accounts for the examination of the plausibility of the inference. In this assertion, a moral theory (i.e. natural law) which holds that it is always wrong to take innocent human life interferes in the validity of the claim. But one may believe that such action is not immoral and an act of self-defense as what Jane English argues. This conflict does not necessarily invalidate the claim. However, this conflict alerts that something is wrong in the inference which may impose invalidity. The question of inconsistency may be answered through looking for incoherence within an inference. In this inference, the inconsistency is subtle because as what is mentioned, killing can be sometimes permissible that is not coherent with its assumptions.

In addition, the same criteria and judgment apply to another inference presented by Jane English. She argues that “killing a fetus is permissible” since “fetus is not a full-fledged person” and “it is permissible to threat it in any way”. This inference is not justified because the premises are not necessarily true in all cases. The author believes that non-persons like animals get some considerations in our moral code and we cannot just treat them in any way.

Other inferences are made in the article, “Why Abortion is Immoral” by Don Marquis. His major inference is “abortion is morally impermissible” since “killing an adult is immoral because that would deprive that person of a future, fetuses have the same moral status or moral standing as do adult persons and killing a fetus will deprive him/her of a future. The validity of this inference is defended by the truthfulness of its assumptions/premises. It is justified because, for example, it is true in all cases that one’s future is loss if one is already dead. In the question of its plausibility, the assertion does not provide conflict with other moral theory like the natural law. Also, I believe that killing really deprives someone of a future which makes the assumption true for my case. However, conflict may arise in the moral beliefs of the feminists for they may argue that not killing the fetus may impose threat to the value of women’s future. This counter-argument of feminists reflects their non-approval to the assumptions of the inference. Nevertheless, the inference made by Marquis is good to note for it avoids equivocations on ‘human life, ‘human being’ or ‘person’. It also avoids the fallacies of too broad or too narrow scope of the assumptions. In view of the usefulness of the inference, one can say that it somehow provide resolution to the conflict regarding killing an adult as synonymous with killing a fetus for it establishes a visible similarity between the two. As for consistency, the inference made by the author is practically coherent with its assumptions.

The same explanations go with the inference, “killing someone is wrong because the killing inflicts the greatest possible losses on the victim” since “the loss of one’s life is one of the greatest losses one can suffer and the loss of one’s life deprives one of all the experiences, activities, projects and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted one’s future”. This argument is morally sound that contributed to its validity.

In the article, “Feminist Analyses of Women and Abortion”, Susan Sherwin asserts that “women have rights to continue or to terminate pregnancies as each sees fit” since “women are entitled to reproductive freedom which able them to make voluntary choices about their reproductive lives, fetuses exist within women’s pregnancies and is wholly dependent on the woman who sustains it and fetuses are part of women’s reproductive lives”. This inference is not fully justified for its assumptions are not necessarily true in all cases. The concept of reproductive freedom may be true only to feminists who advocate women’s rights. Also, the assumptions just focus on the rights of the women and disregard the rights of the unborn fetus. In addition, this inference poses conflict to some moral principles like the natural law in killing innocent persons. Furthermore, this assertion is not useful in all cases for it will only justify the demands of the feminists and not of non-feminists.

I believe that the issue of abortion will not be settled because the assumptions and inferences made by different parties are just clashing with each other. As I have read the articles, my stand regarding abortion became stronger. I am pro-abortion and pro-choice, not in the sense that I am anti-life. My opinion is solely based on my beliefs and I don’t condemn those who are anti-abortion. I believe that it is an every woman's right to her life that gives her the right to terminate her pregnancy. In view of this, I am not saying that a fetus has no rights but basically these rights are inferior to the rights of the women. I stand for my belief that if abortion is not a choice, many women will suffer and world population will increase very rapidly. I am not saying that my assumptions are valid in all cases but it support my stand.

Stand on Abortion

Every time one makes a choice it is vital that he lays out all the possible consequences of his choice and the other alternatives as well. Down from everyday decisions one has to make and even more importantly the bills or laws to be passed must be weighed with their respective outcomes to the people and to the public. Recently, many forums have been held discussing various bills that are to be made into laws by the government and one of the most controversial would be that of the Reproductive Health Bill which has caught too much attention from the civil society and the clergymen. Assuming that everyone knows of the bill – especially that it touches the issue of abortion, a very important part of it is the defining of key concepts which most of the time is subjected to debates by different parties. It is in the use of terms in a particular bill that gives it its scope and limitations.
As what has been said in the set of readings, the debate over the moral permissibility of abortion has been an issue since time immemorial and many groups have emerged to defend their side. I take my stand as pro-abortion and pro-choice but it does not necessarily follow that I am anti-life. There are many positions regarding the issue and the most familiar to the public are that of the conservative anti-abortionists and the liberals. Abortion has always dwelt on the major question of the status of the fetus. According to the anti-abortionists, life is now available inside the mother’s womb from the moment of conception and that it is murder to take away that life forcefully. However, it is essential that certain concepts must be given particular distinctions from how the other party has used it. Being on the pro-abortion and pro-choice side of the fence I define “life” not from the moment of conception. Yes, it is a matter of biology but life for me begins when this mass of cells now take the form of a human being meaning the organs are now developed including its fingers, arms, legs and parts of the body that now makes it capable for living. What many advocates of anti-abortion believe is that the act itself is immoral and unethical for life is terminated from a being that is soon to become a person and has a future to live and to experience. A human being is different from a person in the sense that a human can already be found inside the womb but it only becomes a person when it has now the features of biological, social, psychological, rational and legal factors.
The number one pro-life sector of the society would be those belonging to the Christian church. They deem abortion as moral sin and that no other person can take away the life of another. I see this reasoning as very narrow and not updated to the changes of time. There are many exceptions why a woman has the choice of aborting the fetus inside her womb. It is true that many of these anti-abortionists group only consider the moral and legal basis of the issue but neglects to see the health of the woman or even the baby involved. I do not see it heroic when a woman chose to keep the baby despite all the pressure from the society that from the first place she should have aborted it. Women have the right to make decisions on their own especially when it concerns their health and their future. It is never enough that a baby must only be born. Yes, it might be his right to life but what kind of life is it when the mother cannot provide her even with the most basic necessities that would make him live to have a quality life in the future? Quality life meaning having been provided with his needs in order to develop into a potentially successful person in the following years of his life.
It is high time to liberate the minds of people on this issue of morality. The permissibility of abortion must not be a question of ethics or morality any longer especially if the woman has reasons that would endanger her life or suffer conditions that would be brought about by her giving birth. It remains her choice and whatever is the outcome of that decision then it is her that it responsible for it. Abortion must only be stopped on the condition that all the pregnant women out there can assure that life she will have to give her child is the life that he deserves without risking her own.

The moral claims made in the articles featured in the Chapter of Abortion found in the “Contemporary Moral Issues in a Diverse Society” can be summarized as follows: The moral status of the fetus or its personhood cannot be a justification for immorality and moral permissibility of abortion. Second, the self-defense model and the future-like-ours account can be used to justify the immorality of abortion, yet there are circumstances wherein it is justified to have an abortion. Third, disability is not a reason for aborting a pregnancy. Lastly, pro-choice feminists focus on the rights of women to justify moral permissibility of abortion.

A number of articles in the text assert that establishing the moral status or personhood of the fetus is a troublesome task and is not an adequate premise for the moral controversies of abortion. The first and third articles try to justify this claim. Jane English said there is a lack for a precise list of criteria that can be said as necessary in defining personhood. We only have characteristics that come with typical cases. A fetus, therefore, may or may not fall under any of the categories since a fetus is definitely not a typical case. This is also the same for Don Marquis. He said there is definite disagreement on what characteristics do describe what a person is. Therefore, we cannot say definitely what the status of a fetus is.

Another moral claim in the articles is there are some models or accounts that can explain the wrongness of abortion. The self-defense model by Thomson, originally used in defense of abortion can be used to justify the wrongness of abortion. In the self-defense model it is sometimes permissible to kill an innocent person if it poses a threat. However, self defense seeks nothing more than to neutralize or incapacitate the threat. Next, it also suggests that the severity of harm that would be inflicted to the person should not be greater than the harm it poses. It is also the premise that self defense does not wish for the death of a person rather to be freed from the harm. Therefore, a fetus, given as an innocent being in the womb, should only be killed if it imposes grave threat to the mother that the only option is abortion. Coherence of attitudes is also cited as a reason why for the most of people, abortion is unbearable. The fetus, by resembling much of a live human’s physical characteristics is given the same moral sentiments as a human being is. The attitude we give towards human being is transferred to the fetus through its similarities to ours. Therefore, we find it rather hard to commit abortion, especially in the late months of pregnancy and it would morally wrong to do otherwise.

Another justification for the immorality of abortion is presented by the future-like-ours account. This account rests on the assumption that killing is morally wrong because by killing, we deprive the person of experiences, activities and opportunities that it can achieve in the future. Therefore, killing a fetus is morally wrong because it has a valuable future and depriving the fetus from such a future would be wrong. What makes this argument strong is that there is no need to establish the personhood of the fetus. The theory of future-like-ours embraces the fact that even non-humans have valuable futures. However, it is not without flaws. The future-like-ours account becomes problematic when we try to define what kind of future is worth keeping. Considering what a valuable future is may be subjective from person to person and most importantly from mother- to- mother.

The article “Choosing Disability” by Laura Hershey, emphasizes on the fact disability should not be a reason for opting for abortion. The first premise that she mentioned, disability does not impose a burden to society since they can be trained to live independently. Next, eliminating disabilities through abortion is a rather drastic measure when compared to improving accessibility and opportunities for the disabled.

Unlike non-feminist accounts, feminists uphold the rights of women when it comes to choices made concerning abortion. Most non-feminist accounts focus on the fetus to the point of isolating it from the mother. Feminists, on the other hand, focus on women as full moral agents responsible for actions toward her body. If the woman perceives that pregnancy interferes with her normal way of living and it compromises other responsibilities that she has to attend to, then she should have the choice of being able to undergo abortion. However, feminists suffer from the same problem that they see in the non-feminists. They concentrate too much on the rights of women that they forget about the fetus. Although they claim that the fetus is relational they try to shun it when it comes to the decision of abortion. In trying to empower women, they degrade women’s intelligence in the present. By portraying that women are generally oppressed, especially when it comes to her sexuality degrades the intelligence of women in making decisions of her own. It is like saying that since the dawn of time, women have been induced to do what they have been doing to their reproductive life without input nor control of it.

My stand would be Pro-life. it is in our culture that we value life even of the unborn fetus and I believe in the preservation and continuation of life. But to further understand Pro-Lifers i would define what is Pro-Life as opposed to Pro-Choice. I will also include the definition for Abortion and Human life.

Abortion will be defined as the "purposeful termination of pregnancy with intention other than to produce a live born infant or to remove a dead fetus."
Human life will be "any living cell or collection of living cells that contains DNA from the species homo sapiens." This includes an ovum, a spermatozoon, zygote, embryo, fetus, newborn. It also includes an infant, child, adult, elder. It also includes a breast cancer cell, a living hair follicle, and a recent skin scraping.
Pro-Life giving strong velue to the preservation and continuation of life while Pro-Choice will be that of giving the mother the decision on whether she will or will not continue her pregnancy and resort to abortion.
Life refers to anything that is alive: animal, vegetable, and (at least for some followers of Aboriginal, Earth-centered, and other religions) even mineral.

When is Abortion ok?

• Some say that only very early abortions are morally acceptable.
  Some say that only abortions during the first trimester are OK.
  Some say that an abortion before the fetus becomes viable is OK.
  Some say that a woman should be able to choose an abortion up to the time that the fetus is born.
  One radical world-class ethicist, Peter Singer, has received a great deal of attention by recommending infanticide of some disabled newborns. He suggested that: "...some infants with severe disabilities should be killed" if the parents so choose. His reasoning is that they have diminished likelihood of enjoying an adequate "quality of life

." ( http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_right.htm)